Darat ʿAzza, city located along the St. Simeon Monastery road

Darat ʿAzza, city located along the St. Simeon Monastery road

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription in Aleppo

Bab Antakiya, main gate

Bab Antakiya, main gate

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's entrance from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s entrance from the outside

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower's facade

Burj Alaʾ, general view of the tower’s facade

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower from the outside

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate's tower with its machicolations and parapets

Bab al-Hadid, general view of the gate’s tower with its machicolations and parapets

al-Bab ash-Sharqi, a small arched side entrance

al-Bab ash-Sharqi, a small arched side entrance

A minaret rises above al-Bab ash-Sharqi

A minaret rises above al-Bab ash-Sharqi

Great Umayyad mosque and Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Aleppo: drone photograph

1512_D.SH_2314428_Madinat-Halab-al-Qadima-05_s

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

The main arch and the integrated columns of the Nabataean gate in Busra

The main arch and the integrated columns of the Nabataean gate in Busra

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Bab as-Salam, portal with coloured stone layers (ablaq)

Reconstruction of Assyrian town Dur Katlimmu

Reconstruction of Assyrian town Dur Katlimmu

Inscription on the Damascus wall

Inscription on the Damascus wall

Damage pattern, hollow area, in plaster on sandstone, Franciscan monastery, Zeitz, Germany

Fig. 47, Catalogue of Damage

Church of the monk Buhayra, the oldest church in Busra

Church of the monk Buhayra, the oldest church in Busra

Khusrawiyya Complex, damage mapping (Arabic)

Khusrawiyya Complex, damage mapping (Arabic)

Khusrawiyya Complex, siteplan of the building parts (Arabic)

Khusrawiyya Complex, siteplan of the building parts (Arabic)

Qalb Lawza, Basilica of 5th c., decorative door of reliquary room in southern facade (east)

Qalb Lawza, Basilica of 5th c., decorative door of reliquary room in southern facade (east)

Raqqa, Bagdad Gate, Drawing of total reconstruction

Raqqa, Bagdad Gate, Drawing of total reconstruction

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, Façade decorations: three-lobed niches and arched frames resting on colonnette

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, Façade decorations: three-lobed niches and arched frames resting on colonnette

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, Façade decorations: three-lobed niches and arched frames resting on colonnette

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, Façade decorations: three-lobed niches and arched frames resting on colonnette

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - one of the wall tower

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – one of the wall tower

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate (Bab) as seen from outside the fence

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate (Bab) as seen from outside the fence

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower's west-south corner

Burj al-Ghanam, general view of the tower’s west-south corner

Raqqa, the inner façade of Baghdad Gate (Bab Baghdad)

Raqqa, the inner façade of Baghdad Gate (Bab Baghdad)

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, geometric decorations in the niche, built with bricks

Raqqa, Baghdad Gate, geometric decorations in the niche, built with bricks

General view of defensive tower to the north of city gate Bab Antakiya

General view image